API Integration Guide - CoW DAO Documentation

Overview

This guide walks through integrating with the CoW Protocol orderbook API — from requesting a quote, to computing the amounts you need to sign, to creating and monitoring orders. An intent in CoW Protocol is a signed message that represents a user’s wish to trade. It doesn’t execute a trade directly — instead, it delegates execution to solvers who find the optimal path.

This document explains the anatomy of intents and interaction with the API at a low level. For practical use of the protocol, it is recommended to use high-level tools such as the TypeScript SDK or Python SDK.

Base URLs

The base URL depends on the chain:

Chain	Production	Staging
Ethereum
Gnosis Chain
Arbitrum One
Base
Avalanche
Polygon
Linea
BNB
Plasma
Ink
Sepolia

Use staging (barn) for testing. Use production for real trades.

Interactive endpoint docs: Order Book API Reference

Step 1: Request a Quote

Send your trading intention to the /quote endpoint:

POST https://api.cow.fi/mainnet/api/v1/quote

The request body describes what the user wants:

{
  "kind": "sell",
  "sellToken": "0xfFf9976782d46CC05630D1f6eBAb18b2324d6B14",
  "buyToken": "0xbe72E441BF55620febc26715db68d3494213D8Cb",
  "sellAmountBeforeFee": "1000000000000000000",
  "from": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
  "receiver": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
  "validFor": 1800,
  "signingScheme": "eip712",
  "priceQuality": "optimal",
  "appData": "{}",
  "appDataHash": "0xb48d38f93eaa084033fc5970bf96e559c33c4cdc07d889ab00b4d63f9590739d"
}

Field	Description
`kind`	`"sell"` or `"buy"` — whether you’re fixing the sell or buy amount
`sellToken`	Token address you’re selling
`buyToken`	Token address you’re buying
`sellAmountBeforeFee`	How much you want to sell (for `sell` orders). Alternatively use `sellAmountAfterFee` or `buyAmountAfterFee`.
`from`	Address of the trader
`receiver`	Address that receives the bought tokens (often same as `from`)
`validFor`	Order validity period in seconds (alternatively use `validTo` for absolute timestamp)
`signingScheme`	`"eip712"` (default), `"ethsign"`, `"presign"`, or `"eip1271"`
`priceQuality`	`"fast"`, `"optimal"`, or `"verified"` (default: `"verified"`)

For more details on quoting strategies and timing, see Quote Selection. For the full API reference, see Order Book API.

If you send a full JSON appData document in the quote request, the quote response includes both quote.appData and quote.appDataHash. Sign the hash, not the JSON string. When you create the order, submit the JSON in appData and include appDataHash for easier debugging.

Step 2: Understand the Quote Response

The /quote response provides the price information needed to build the order, including fee breakdowns.

Sell order response

{
  "from": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
  "expiration": "2026-03-16T22:49:13.099169293Z",
  "id": 1372865,
  "verified": true,
  "protocolFeeBps": "2",
  "quote": {
    "sellToken": "0xfFf9976782d46CC05630D1f6eBAb18b2324d6B14",
    "buyToken": "0xbe72E441BF55620febc26715db68d3494213D8Cb",
    "receiver": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
    "buyAmount": "190120203",
    "feeAmount": "378307495942172",
    "sellAmount": "99621692504057828",
    "validTo": 1773703033,
    "appData": "{}",
    "appDataHash": "0xb48d38f93eaa084033fc5970bf96e559c33c4cdc07d889ab00b4d63f9590739d",
    "kind": "sell",
    "partiallyFillable": false,
    "sellTokenBalance": "erc20",
    "buyTokenBalance": "erc20",
    "signingScheme": "eip712"
  }
}

Field	Description
`protocolFeeBps`	Protocol fee in basis points
`quote.sellAmount`	Sell amount after network costs have been deducted
`quote.feeAmount`	Network costs, in sell token units
`quote.buyAmount`	Buy amount after network costs and protocol fee have been deducted
`quote.validTo`	The Unix timestamp you will sign into the order
`quote.appData`	The app data document you submit when creating the order
`quote.appDataHash`	The `bytes32` app data hash you sign into the order
`expiration`	Quote freshness deadline. Sign and submit before this ISO-8601 timestamp.
`id`	Quote ID to pass later as `quoteId` on order creation

Buy order response

{
  "protocolFeeBps": "2",
  "quote": {
    "buyAmount": "200000000",
    "feeAmount": "320201733871320",
    "sellAmount": "104979314628720568",
    "kind": "buy"
  }
}

For buy orders, sellAmount is after the protocol fee, and the feeAmount (network costs) is not yet included in the sell amount — it must be added separately.

Step 3: Compute the Amounts to Sign

The quote object is the base order returned by the backend. If you sign it exactly as returned, you are using the server-quoted amounts. Many integrations apply additional client-side slippage tolerance and optional partner fees before signing. The amount-stage vocabulary below explains how to do that safely. The quote response and order construction use a shared vocabulary of amount stages — each representing the token amount at a specific point in the fee pipeline. Understanding these terms is essential for interpreting quote values and building orders correctly.

Term	Description
`beforeAllFees` (= spot price)	The raw exchange rate with no fees applied. This is the theoretical “perfect world” price. It serves as the reference point for calculating partner fees.
`afterProtocolFees`	Amount after CoW Protocol’s own fee (`protocolFeeBps`) has been applied.
`afterNetworkCosts`	Amount after gas costs (network costs) have been applied. Network costs are always denominated in the sell token, but may be converted to buy token units when applied to the buy side.
`afterPartnerFees`	Amount after the integrator/partner fee has been deducted.
`afterSlippage`	The final amount after the user’s slippage tolerance has been applied. This is the value signed into the order — it is the minimum the user will receive (sell orders) or the maximum they will pay (buy orders).

Fee types

Several layers of fees transform the raw spot price into the final amounts signed in the order:

Fee	Description	Token
Network costs	Gas fees for on-chain execution, estimated by the protocol	Sell token
Protocol fee	CoW Protocol’s fee, expressed in basis points (`protocolFeeBps`)	Buy token (sell orders) / Sell token (buy orders)
Partner fee	Optional fee added by integrators (e.g. widget providers)	Buy token (sell orders) / Sell token (buy orders)
Slippage	Tolerance buffer to account for price movements	Buy token (sell orders) / Sell token (buy orders)

Protocol fee

The protocol fee is expressed as basis points (protocolFeeBps) in the quote response. Sell orders (buy token units) — quote.buyAmount is already after the protocol fee has been deducted:

protocolFeeAmount = quote.buyAmount × (protocolFeeBps / 10000) / (1 − protocolFeeBps / 10000)

Buy orders (sell token units) — the protocol fee is applied to the sum of sell amount and network costs:

protocolFeeAmount = (quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount) × (protocolFeeBps / 10000) / (1 + protocolFeeBps / 10000)

Partner fee

The partner (integrator) fee is calculated as a percentage of the spot price (beforeAllFees), not the post-fee amounts. Sell orders (buy token units):

partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.buyAmount × partnerFeeBps / 10000

Buy orders (sell token units): same formula, but using beforeAllFees.sellAmount.

Slippage

Slippage tolerance is applied to the afterPartnerFees amount (not the spot price):

slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees × slippageBps / 10000

Flow for sell orders

The code below is simplified. See the full working code in CoW SDK getQuoteAmountsAndCosts.

The /quote response maps directly to afterNetworkCosts. beforeAllFees is reconstructed from it for partner fee calculations:

// /quote response maps to afterNetworkCosts
const afterNetworkCosts = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// reconstruct beforeAllFees (spot price) — used as the base for partner fee calculation
const networkCostAmountInBuyCurrency = (quote.buyAmount * quote.feeAmount) / quote.sellAmount
const beforeAllFees = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount + networkCostAmountInBuyCurrency + protocolFeeAmount,
}

// partner fee is deducted from buy amount, relative to spot price
const afterPartnerFees = {
  sellAmount: afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount - partnerFeeAmount,
}
// partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.buyAmount * partnerFeeBps / 10000

// slippage reduces buy amount (user accepts receiving less)
const afterSlippage = {
  sellAmount: afterPartnerFees.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterPartnerFees.buyAmount - slippageAmount,
}
// slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount * slippageBps / 10000

// sell is set to spot price — settlement contract deducts network costs itself
const amountsToSign = {
  sellAmount: beforeAllFees.sellAmount,  // = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount
  buyAmount:  afterSlippage.buyAmount,   // minimum to receive
}

Flow for buy orders

The code below is simplified. See the full working code in CoW SDK getQuoteAmountsAndCosts.

The /quote sell amount maps to afterProtocolFees. The buy amount is fixed and maps to beforeAllFees:

// /quote response: sell maps to afterProtocolFees, buy is fixed (= beforeAllFees)
const afterProtocolFees = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// reconstruct beforeAllFees (spot price) — used as the base for partner fee calculation
const beforeAllFees = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount - protocolFeeAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// add network costs to sell amount
const afterNetworkCosts = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// partner fee is added to sell amount, relative to spot price
const afterPartnerFees = {
  sellAmount: afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount + partnerFeeAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount,
  // partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount * partnerFeeBps / 10000
}

// slippage increases sell amount (user accepts paying more)
const afterSlippage = {
  sellAmount: afterPartnerFees.sellAmount + slippageAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterPartnerFees.buyAmount,
  // slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount * slippageBps / 10000
}

// buy is fixed (exact amount to receive), sell includes all fees and slippage
const amountsToSign = {
  sellAmount: afterSlippage.sellAmount,  // maximum to pay
  buyAmount:  beforeAllFees.buyAmount,   // = quote.buyAmount
}

All formulas at a glance

Below is every stage computation in one place. All values are in token atoms (integers). protocolFeeBps is in basis points (e.g. "2" = 2 bps = 0.02%). Sell order — full computation:

── Protocol Fee Amount (buy token units) ──────────────────────────────────────
protocolFeeAmount = quote.buyAmount × (protocolFeeBps / 10000)
                    / (1 − protocolFeeBps / 10000)

── Network Costs in Buy Token ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
networkCostInBuyToken = (quote.buyAmount × quote.feeAmount) / quote.sellAmount

── beforeAllFees (Spot Price) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount + networkCostInBuyToken + protocolFeeAmount

── afterProtocolFees ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount
buyAmount  = beforeAllFees.buyAmount − protocolFeeAmount

── afterNetworkCosts (= /quote response) ──────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterPartnerFees ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.buyAmount × partnerFeeBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount
buyAmount  = afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount − partnerFeeAmount

── afterSlippage ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount × slippageBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount
buyAmount  = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount − slippageAmount

── Amounts to Sign ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount      (= quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount)
buyAmount  = afterSlippage.buyAmount       (minimum to receive)

Buy order — full computation:

── Protocol Fee Amount (sell token units) ─────────────────────────────────────
protocolFeeAmount = (quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount) × (protocolFeeBps / 10000)
                    / (1 + protocolFeeBps / 10000)

── beforeAllFees (Spot Price) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount − protocolFeeAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterProtocolFees (= /quote sellAmount) ────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterNetworkCosts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterPartnerFees ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount × partnerFeeBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount + partnerFeeAmount
buyAmount  = afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount

── afterSlippage ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount × slippageBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount + slippageAmount
buyAmount  = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount

── Amounts to Sign ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = afterSlippage.sellAmount      (maximum to pay)
buyAmount  = beforeAllFees.buyAmount       (= quote.buyAmount)

Step 4: Construct the Final Order

The signed order combines the quote API response with UI/integrator settings:

Source	Fields
`/quote` API response	`sellAmount`, `buyAmount`, `feeAmount`, `protocolFeeBps`, `validTo`, `appData`, `appDataHash`, `id`, `expiration`
UI / integrator settings	`partnerFee`, `slippage`

The resulting order contains the afterSlippage buy amount (for sell orders) or sell amount (for buy orders), which the protocol guarantees as the minimum the user will receive (or maximum they’ll pay). The fixed amount (sellAmount for sell orders, buyAmount for buy orders), meanwhile, corresponds to the spot price amount. Sell order:

const orderToSign = {
  sellAmount: beforeAllFees.sellAmount,  // = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount
  buyAmount:  afterSlippage.buyAmount,   // minimum to receive
}

Buy order:

const orderToSign = {
  sellAmount: afterSlippage.sellAmount,  // maximum to pay
  buyAmount:  beforeAllFees.buyAmount,   // = quote.buyAmount
}

Step 5: Sign the Order

Sign the order using the amounts from Step 4, with the order parameters from the quote. The signing process depends on your signingScheme:

Scheme	Method
`eip712`	Standard EIP-712 typed data signing (most common for EOAs)
`ethsign`	`eth_sign` with an EIP-191 prefix
`presign`	On-chain pre-signature via the settlement contract
`eip1271`	Smart contract signature via `isValidSignature` (for smart contract wallets)

The EIP-712 domain and struct types are defined by the CoW Protocol settlement contract. Sign the computed amounts (not the raw quote amounts) along with the other order parameters. If the quote response includes a full JSON quote.appData, sign quote.appDataHash. If you requested a hash-only appData, sign that hash value directly.

EIP-712 signing example (TypeScript)

import { ethers } from "ethers";

const domain = {
  name: "Gnosis Protocol",
  version: "v2",
  chainId: 1, // use 11155111 for Sepolia
  verifyingContract: "0x9008D19f58AAbD9eD0D60971565AA8510560ab41",
};

const types = {
  Order: [
    { name: "sellToken", type: "address" },
    { name: "buyToken", type: "address" },
    { name: "receiver", type: "address" },
    { name: "sellAmount", type: "uint256" },
    { name: "buyAmount", type: "uint256" },
    { name: "validTo", type: "uint32" },
    { name: "appData", type: "bytes32" },
    { name: "feeAmount", type: "uint256" },
    { name: "kind", type: "string" },
    { name: "partiallyFillable", type: "bool" },
    { name: "sellTokenBalance", type: "string" },
    { name: "buyTokenBalance", type: "string" },
  ],
};

const appDataHash = quote.appDataHash ?? quote.appData;

// Use the computed amounts from Step 4, NOT the raw quote values
const order = {
  sellToken: quote.sellToken,
  buyToken: quote.buyToken,
  receiver: quote.receiver,
  sellAmount: amountsToSign.sellAmount.toString(),
  buyAmount: amountsToSign.buyAmount.toString(),
  validTo: quote.validTo,
  appData: appDataHash,
  feeAmount: "0", // must be "0" — solvers compute fees at execution time
  kind: quote.kind,
  partiallyFillable: false,
  sellTokenBalance: "erc20",
  buyTokenBalance: "erc20",
};

const wallet = new ethers.Wallet("0xYOUR_PRIVATE_KEY");
const signature = await wallet.signTypedData(domain, types, order);

Sign the computed sellAmount and buyAmount from Step 4 — not the raw values from the quote response. Set feeAmount to "0".

For additional signing examples (Foundry cast, Python eth_account), see the Quickstart: Raw API (cURL). For all four signing schemes in depth, see Signing Schemes.

Step 6: Submit the Order

Endpoint: POST /api/v1/orders

{
  "sellToken": "0xfFf9976782d46CC05630D1f6eBAb18b2324d6B14",
  "buyToken": "0xbe72E441BF55620febc26715db68d3494213D8Cb",
  "receiver": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
  "sellAmount": "<beforeAllFees.sellAmount for sell orders, afterSlippage.sellAmount for buy orders>",
  "buyAmount": "<afterSlippage.buyAmount for sell orders, beforeAllFees.buyAmount for buy orders>",
  "validTo": 1773703033,
  "appData": "{}",
  "appDataHash": "0xb48d38f93eaa084033fc5970bf96e559c33c4cdc07d889ab00b4d63f9590739d",
  "feeAmount": "0",
  "kind": "sell",
  "partiallyFillable": false,
  "sellTokenBalance": "erc20",
  "buyTokenBalance": "erc20",
  "signingScheme": "eip712",
  "signature": "0xYourSignatureHere...",
  "from": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
  "quoteId": 1372865
}

Important fields to get right:

feeAmount must be "0" — Fees are computed dynamically by solvers at execution time. The quote’s feeAmount is informational only.
sellAmount and buyAmount — Use the computed values from Step 4, NOT the raw quote.sellAmount / quote.buyAmount.
appData vs appDataHash — Sign the hash (quote.appDataHash when present), but submit the JSON appData document and include appDataHash alongside it.
quoteId — Pass the id from the quote response to link the order for slippage analysis.
from — Recommended. The backend verifies the signer matches this address, catching signature encoding errors early.

Submit the order before the quote response expiration timestamp. expiration is not part of the signed order payload, but it still determines whether the backend will accept the quoted fee data.

Responses

Code	Meaning
`201`	Order accepted. Returns the order UID.
`400`	Validation error (insufficient balance, invalid signature, etc.)
`403`	Account is deny-listed.
`404`	No route found for the order.
`429`	Rate limited — too many order placements.

Step 7: Monitor the Order

Get order details

Endpoint: GET /api/v1/orders/{UID} Returns the full order object including execution status.

Field	What it tells you
`status`	`open`, `fulfilled`, `cancelled`, `expired`, or `presignaturePending`
`executedSellAmount`	Total sell tokens transferred so far
`executedBuyAmount`	Total buy tokens received so far
`executedFee`	Total fee charged (network + protocol fees combined)
`executedFeeToken`	Which token the fee was taken in

Get auction status

Endpoint: GET /api/v1/orders/{UID}/status Returns the order’s position in the auction lifecycle:

{
  "type": "active",
  "value": [
    {
      "solver": "SolverName",
      "executedAmounts": {
        "sell": "998000000",
        "buy": "455000000000000000"
      }
    }
  ]
}

`type` value	Meaning
`open`	Order is in the book but not yet in an auction
`scheduled`	Order is scheduled for the next auction
`active`	Order is in a live auction
`solved`	A solver has proposed a solution including this order
`executing`	The winning solution is being submitted on-chain
`traded`	Order has been settled on-chain
`cancelled`	Order was cancelled

The value array lists solvers that proposed solutions for the order, with their proposed execution amounts. If the array is empty or absent, no solver included the order in their solution.

Get trades

Endpoint: GET /api/v2/trades?orderUid={UID} Returns executed trade data once the order has been settled:

Field	Description
`sellAmount`	Actual sell amount transferred (including fees)
`sellAmountBeforeFees`	Sell amount without the fee component
`buyAmount`	Actual buy amount received
`txHash`	Settlement transaction hash
`blockNumber`	Block the trade was included in

Step 8: List Orders for an Account

Endpoint: GET /api/v1/account/{owner}/orders Returns all orders for an address, sorted newest-first.

Parameter	Description
`offset`	Pagination offset (default: 0)
`limit`	Page size (default: 10, max: 1000)

There are no server-side filters for status or token. To get only open orders or orders for a specific asset, you must paginate through results and filter client-side. Since orders are sorted by creation date descending, open orders will be near the top — you can stop paginating once you encounter orders with validTo in the past.

Error Handling

Quote errors (`POST /api/v1/quote`)

Error type	Meaning
`QuoteNotVerified`	The quote could not be verified via simulation
`UnsupportedToken`	One of the tokens is not supported
`NoLiquidity`	No liquidity found for this pair
`UnsupportedOrderType`	The order configuration is not supported

Order creation errors (`POST /api/v1/orders`)

Error type	Meaning
`InsufficientBalance`	Trader doesn’t have enough sell token
`InsufficientAllowance`	Sell token not approved to the vault relayer
`InvalidSignature`	Signature doesn’t match the order data
`DuplicatedOrder`	An identical order already exists
`MissingFrom`	`from` field required but not provided
`WrongOwner`	`from` address doesn’t match the signature’s signer
`IncompatibleSigningScheme`	Signing scheme doesn’t match the order type
`TooManyLimitOrders`	Rate limit on limit orders per account

For a comprehensive list of every API error code with root causes and fixes, see the Error Reference.

Pre-Flight Checklist

Before placing an order, walk through these checks. Most failed orders come down to one of these issues.

1. Token allowance to the Vault Relayer

The trader’s wallet must have approved the CoW Protocol Vault Relayer contract (0xC92E8bdf79f0507f65a392b0ab4667716BFE0110) to spend the sell token before placing the order (not before getting the quote — quotes don’t require allowance). If the allowance is insufficient, the order will be accepted by the API but solvers will not be able to execute it, and you’ll see an InsufficientAllowance error if the backend checks balances at submission time. Make sure the approval amount covers at least the signed sellAmount of the order.

2. Sufficient balance at order placement

The trader’s address must hold enough sell token to cover the full signed sellAmount at the time the order is placed — not just at the time of quoting. Quotes are informational and don’t check balances. For buy orders, remember that the signed sell amount includes protocol fees, network costs, partner fees, and slippage on top of the spot price — so the required balance is significantly higher than what you’d calculate from the raw exchange rate alone.

3. Quote amounts ≠ signing amounts

If your integration applies partner fees or client-side slippage, the sellAmount and buyAmount from the /quote response are not yet your final signing amounts. They do not include partner fees or slippage. Compute the adjusted amounts first (see Step 3) before signing. Signing the raw quote amounts in that case will result in an order with no slippage protection and missing partner fee revenue.

4. Set `feeAmount` to `"0"` on order creation

The quote response returns a non-zero feeAmount for informational purposes (showing the estimated network cost in sell token terms). When submitting the order, the feeAmount field must be "0". Solvers compute fees dynamically at execution time.

5. `signingScheme` must match your signature

The signingScheme you pass in the quote request determines the structure of the returned order, which in turn affects the order UID. If you request a quote with signingScheme: "eip712" but then sign with ethsign, the signature won’t match and the order will fail with InvalidSignature.

6. Quote expiration

Quotes have an expiration timestamp in ISO-8601 format. If you sign and submit after this time, the backend may reject the order. Get the quote, compute amounts, sign, and submit promptly.

7. `validTo` must be reasonable

Orders with validTo too close to the current time may expire before solvers can act. Orders with validTo too far in the future will be rejected with ExcessiveValidTo. If you used validFor in the quote request, the response calculates an appropriate validTo for you.

8. Pass the `quoteId` and `from`

Include quoteId (from the quote’s id field) for slippage analysis. Include from so the backend can verify the signer matches the expected address — without it, a malformed signature might silently resolve to a wrong address.

Common Failure Scenarios

Symptom	Likely cause
`InsufficientAllowance` error on order creation	Sell token not approved to Vault Relayer
`InsufficientBalance` error on order creation	Wallet doesn’t hold enough sell token for the signed sell amount
`InvalidSignature` error on order creation	`signingScheme` mismatch, wrong amounts signed, or encoding error
Order accepted but never executed	Allowance or balance dropped after placement, or price moved past limit
Order accepted but status stays `open`	No solver found a profitable route — could be low liquidity or tight slippage
`DuplicatedOrder` error	Identical order (same params + signature) already exists
`ExcessiveValidTo` error	`validTo` timestamp is too far in the future
User receives less than expected	Signed the raw quote `buyAmount` without applying partner fees and slippage

Quick Reference: Full Flow

Approve sell token to Vault Relayer (if not already done)
POST /api/v1/quote              → Get pricing and fee estimates
Compute amount stages            → beforeAllFees, afterNetworkCosts,
                                      afterPartnerFees, afterSlippage
Determine signing amounts         → Sell order: sign(beforeAllFees.sell, afterSlippage.buy)
                                      → Buy order:  sign(afterSlippage.sell, beforeAllFees.buy)
Sign the order                    → Using your chosen signingScheme
POST /api/v1/orders              → Submit signed order (feeAmount = "0", include quoteId)
GET /api/v1/orders/{UID}         → Poll for status changes
GET /api/v2/trades?orderUid=     → Get execution details once traded

Rate Limits

Quote requests: 10 requests/second
Order submission: 5 requests/second
General endpoints: 100 requests/minute

For per-endpoint limits, backoff strategies, Cloudflare WAF details, and troubleshooting, see the Rate Limits & Quotas reference.

Resources

Quickstart: Raw API (cURL) — End-to-end walkthrough with signing examples
How Intents Are Formed — Full fee pipeline with diagrams, code, and formula reference
Fee Model — How fees work and how to retrieve fee data for accounting
Order Book API Reference — Complete endpoint documentation
Order Book API Reference — Interactive endpoint docs and playground
Signing Schemes — All four supported signing methods
Error Reference — Every API error code with root causes and fixes
CoW SDK getQuoteAmountsAndCosts — Production implementation of the amount computation logic

Overview

How It Works

Benefits

Order Types

Flash Loans

CoW AMM

CoW Explorer

Integration

Architecture

API Reference

Core Reference

Auctions

​Overview

​Base URLs

​Step 1: Request a Quote

​Step 2: Understand the Quote Response

​Sell order response

​Buy order response

​Step 3: Compute the Amounts to Sign

​Fee types

​Protocol fee

​Partner fee

​Slippage

​Flow for sell orders

​Flow for buy orders

​All formulas at a glance

​Step 4: Construct the Final Order

​Step 5: Sign the Order

​EIP-712 signing example (TypeScript)

​Step 6: Submit the Order

​Responses

​Step 7: Monitor the Order

​Get order details

​Get auction status

​Get trades

​Step 8: List Orders for an Account

​Error Handling

​Quote errors (POST /api/v1/quote)

​Order creation errors (POST /api/v1/orders)

​Pre-Flight Checklist

​1. Token allowance to the Vault Relayer

​2. Sufficient balance at order placement

​3. Quote amounts ≠ signing amounts

​4. Set feeAmount to "0" on order creation

​5. signingScheme must match your signature

​6. Quote expiration

​7. validTo must be reasonable

​8. Pass the quoteId and from

​Common Failure Scenarios

​Quick Reference: Full Flow

​Rate Limits

​Resources

Overview

Base URLs

Step 1: Request a Quote

Step 2: Understand the Quote Response

Sell order response

Buy order response

Step 3: Compute the Amounts to Sign

Fee types

Protocol fee

Partner fee

Slippage

Flow for sell orders

Flow for buy orders

All formulas at a glance

Step 4: Construct the Final Order

Step 5: Sign the Order

EIP-712 signing example (TypeScript)

Step 6: Submit the Order

Responses

Step 7: Monitor the Order

Get order details

Get auction status

Get trades

Step 8: List Orders for an Account

Error Handling

Quote errors (`POST /api/v1/quote`)

Order creation errors (`POST /api/v1/orders`)

Pre-Flight Checklist

1. Token allowance to the Vault Relayer

2. Sufficient balance at order placement

3. Quote amounts ≠ signing amounts

4. Set `feeAmount` to `"0"` on order creation

5. `signingScheme` must match your signature

6. Quote expiration

7. `validTo` must be reasonable

8. Pass the `quoteId` and `from`

Common Failure Scenarios

Quick Reference: Full Flow

Rate Limits

Resources